• Sciences de l'environnement/Environnement et Société
  
• Planète et Univers/Océan, Atmosphère
  
• sdu/sdu.stu/sdu.stu.oc
  

The aim of the present study is to evidence the role of a boundary current and meteorological conditions in the transport and stranding of floating marine debris. The used data are from a beach survey and an inter-annual unique effort of marine debris sightings along the French Riviera in the North-Western Mediterranean region. Offshore data have been collected during oceanic cruises while beach surveys were performed around Antibes city. Debris were found on 97% of the ocean transects, with a large spatial and temporal variability, showing contrasted areas of low (~ 1 item/km2) and of high (> 10 items/km2) debris densities. Results suggest that the debris spatio-temporal distribution is related to the Northern current (NC) dynamics, the regional boundary current, with accumulation patterns in its core and external edge. By playing a role in the alongshore transport, such a boundary current can form a cross-shore transport barrier. Stranding events can then occur after strong on-shore wind bursts modifying the sea surface dynamics and breaking this transport barrier. It is also shown that episodic enhancement of the stranding rate can be explained by combining the NC dynamics with the wind forcing and the rainfall effect via the local river run-off. Conversely, off-shore wind bursts could also free the marine litter from the boundary current and export them towards the open sea.

L'objectif général de cette thèse est d'étudier les mécanismes de transport des déchets marins flottants ainsi queleur accumulation potentielle en Méditerranée, en s'appuyant sur la modélisation numérique de leur dérive ainsique sur des observations in-situ de leur distribution. La dynamique du transport des déchets marins y estnotamment analysée en terme d'échelles caractéristiques du bassin, en partant de la grande échelle jusqu'auxéchelles côtière et littorale.Dans un premier temps, l'examen d'un ensemble d'expériences Lagrangiennes numériques a permis d'identifierdans le bassin des zones probables d'accumulation non permanentes à grande échelle (Mansui et al., 2015a).L'impact à l'échelle côtière d'un courant de bord (Courant Nord) et des forçages atmosphériques sur ladistribution locale et l'échouage des déchets marins flottants a ensuite pu être estimé en utilisant notammentdes données originales recueillies en mer et à terre (Mansui et al., 2015b, en révision).

In the era of plastic and global environmental issues, when large garbage patches have been observed in the main oceanic basins, this work is the first attempt to explore the possibility that similar permanent accumulation structures may exist in the Mediterranean Sea. The questions addressed in this work are:can the general circulation, with its sub-basins scale gyres and mesoscale instabilities, foster the concentration of floating items in some regions? Where are the more likely coastal zones impacted from open ocean sources?Multi-annual simulations of advected surface passive debris depict the Tyrrhenian Sea, the north-western Mediterranean sub-basin and the Gulf of Sirte as possible retention areas. The western Mediterranean coasts present very low coastal impact, while the coastal strip from Tunisia to Syria appears as the favourite destination. No permanent structure able to retain floating items in the long-term were found, as the basin circulation variability brings sufficient anomalies.